Distinctive Features of the Grammar of Irish English

If you celebrate St. Patricks Day with plastic pitchers of green beer and rousing choruses of Danny Boy (composed by an English lawyer) and The Unicorn (by Shel Silverstein), you may be roaring just about anywhere in the world on March 17--except in Ireland. And if your friends insist on hollering top o the mornin and begosh and begorrah, you can be pretty sure theyre not Irish. The English language as spoken in Ireland (a variety known as Hiberno-English or Irish English) has many distinctive features--none of which should be confused with your friends Celtic clichà ©s or the Hollywood brogues of Tom Cruise (in Far and Away) and Brad Pitt (in The Devils Own). As examined by Markku Filppula in The Grammar of Irish English: Language in Hibernian Style (Routledge, 1999), Irish-English grammar represents a unique combination of elements drawn from the two principal partners in the contact situation, Irish and English. This grammar is characterized as conservative because it has held on to certain traits of the Elizabethan English that helped shape it four centuries ago. Here are just a few of the characteristics of Irish-English grammar: Like Scottish English, Irish English has unmarked plurality in nouns indicating time and measure--two mile, for instance, and five year.Irish English makes an explicit distinction between singular you/ye and plural youse (also found in other varieties): So I said to our Jill and Mary: Youse wash the dishes.Another characteristic of Irish English is nominalization, giving a word or phrase a noun-like status that it doesnt generally have, as in If I had the doing of it again, Id do it different.A direct borrowing from the traditional Irish language (also known as Irish Gaelic or Gaeilge) is the use of after in noun phrases such as Im only after my dinner.Like Scottish English, Irish English often uses progressive forms of stative verbs (I was knowing your face).Another salient feature is the use of sentence tags initiated by so, as in Its raining, so it is. (adapted from World Englishes: An Introduction, by Gunnel Melchers and Philip Shaw. Oxford University Press, 2003)   Thats just a small sample of the many distinctive features of Irish-English grammar. Discussion of its rich vocabulary (or lexicon) and patterns of pronunciation (phonology) will have to wait until next years St. Patricks Day. Until then, if youre interested in learning about Gaeilge (the historical language of the Irish people, now spoken by only a small minority of the population), visit Michelle Gallens website, Talk Irish. This award-winning site provides a social network for teachers, speakers and learners of traditional Irish. Slà ¡n go fà ³ill. Goodbye for now. More Varieties of English: Australian EnglishCanadian EnglishChicano EnglishChinese EnglishDublin EnglishEuro-EnglishHinglishIndian EnglishPhilippine EnglishScottish EnglishSingapore EnglishSouth African English

Cold War Coursework Essay - 1899 Words

Using these four passages and your own knowledge, assess the view that during the Second World War the relationship between the ussr and the west was characterised more by co-operation than by disagreement. The four interpretations are in agreement that during the second World War the relationship between the USSR and the West was characterised more by cooperation than disagreement. There was major conflict over various issues regarding Communisms security in Eastern Europe, specifically expansionism in Eastern Europe which caused the relations between allies to deteriorate after the war, however the Allies maintained an alliance despite the pressure frequently placed upon it. Similarly Loth and Boyle argue that the relationship was†¦show more content†¦This interpretation can be supported by several events throughout the period, firstly, lend lease was set up in 1941 to supply Soviets with the vital resources and munitions they required to push back the Nazi forces, preventing them taking control of the USSR and their natural resources like oil, which would allow them dominate Europe. Secondly in November 1942 it was agreed that a policy of unconditional surrender should be en acted, crushing all chance of future rebellion in the countries, as depicted by the Atlantic Charter. Finally the Tehran conference further supports this interpretation because the Allies agreed on a date for the Second Front which would bring a close to war in the West after many delays over fears it would be insufficient, to ameliorate Stalin the US and Britain launched an offensive in North Africa and carried out bombings on German cities. 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Ethical decision making for procter and gamble free essay sample

One example of how the company has used social media to reinforce its brand and then offer a short term income play. The creativity in marketing today can be amazing when one uses social networking in combination with brand awareness. And this type of quick thinking and awareness can set a company apart, contributing to sales. Procter and Gamble is a great example of this. PG has a purpose to keep current on events that happen through the day that could have an impact on its brands. It looks for things that could possibly have a direct attitude upon loyal customers. In one instance, for example, the Tide brand came to the rescue after a fiery explosion during the Dayton 500 covered the Speedway with 200 gallons of burning fuel. TV viewers watched track workers using Tide to clean the track during a two-hour delay in the Great American Race. Corporate Governance is the interaction of the management, shareholders and Board of Directors to help ensure that all investors—both shareholders and creditors—are protected against managers acting solely in their own best interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical decision making for procter and gamble or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Corporate Governance consists of laws, policies, procedures and, most importantly, practices that ensure the well-being of the assets of the Company. Corporate Governance is at its highest levels when management acts as if they are long-term investors in the Company. The policies, procedures and practices spelled out in this section demonstrate that Procter Gamble takes Corporate Governance very seriously. Our management acts as long-term investors of the Company because they, like most Procter Gamble employees at all levels, are in fact long-term investors. Employees Are Long-Term Investors In 1887, before PG was even a publicly traded company, William Cooper Procter introduced a profit-sharing program for employees. At the time he said, â€Å"We should let the employees share in the firm’s earnings. That will give them an incentive to increase earnings. † He revised that program in 1903 to have the profit sharing be awarded in the form of actual PG stock. He reasoned that as employees became stockholders, their economic interests and those of the Company would be bound more closely together. That program still exists today with a large part of each U. S. employee’s retirement consisting of PG stock. Additionally, virtually all employees own PG stock or stock rights via various investment programs. Because of that fact, employees’ economic interests are aligned to those of the Company. Further, our Executive Share Ownership Program requires senior executives to own shares of Company stock and/or restricted stock units valued at eight times base salary for the Chief Executive Officer, and five times base salary for the other senior executives. Non-employee directors must own Company stock and/or restricted stock units worth six times their annual cash retainer. These compensation programs help to ensure the alignment of the interests of our senior executives and directors with shareholders. A Foundation of Integrity, Control and Stewardship PG has a strong history of operating with integrity throughout the Company—at all levels, in all countries, both internally and externally. Our actions and the actions of all our employees are governed by our Purpose, Values and Principles. The basis for every decision we make at PG can be found in our Purpose, Values and Principles—our PVPs. The clarity and constancy of the Company’s PVPs is the one factor above all others that has driven the Company’s growth over generations. Our commitment to operate responsibly is reflected in the steps we have in place to ensure rigorous financial discipline and Corporate Governance. We have an active, capable and diligent Board of Directors that meets the required standards of independence, with members who understand their role in providing strong Corporate Governance. Our Audit Committee is comprised exclusively of independent directors, with significant financial knowledge and experience. The Audit Committee also meets regularly in private session with the Company’s independent auditors, Deloitte Touche LLP. We maintain a strong internal control environment. Our rigorous business process controls include written policies and procedures, segregation of duties and the careful selection and development of employees. The system is designed to  provide reasonable assurance that transactions are executed as authorized and appropriately recorded, that assets are safeguarded and that accounting records are sufficiently reliable to permit the preparation of financial statements conforming in all material respects with accounting principles generally accepted in the U. S. We monitor these internal controls through an ongoing program of audit self-assessment and internal and external audits. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed is recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely and accurate manner. Our Disclosure Committee is comprised of senior-level executives responsible for evaluating disclosure implications of significant business activities and events. We execute financial stewardship by maintaining specific programs and activities to ensure that employees understand their fiduciary responsibilities to shareholders. This ongoing effort encompasses financial discipline in strategic and daily business decisions and brings particular focus to maintaining accurate financial reporting and effective controls. In addition, our Global Leadership Council is actively involved in rigorous oversight of the business. We reinforce key employee responsibilities through the Company’s Worldwide Business Conduct, which details management’s and the Board of Directors’ commitment to conduct the Company’s business affairs with high ethical standards. Every employee is required to be trained on the Company’s Worldwide Business Conduct Manual, and every employee is held personally accountable for compliance. Portions of the Worldwide Business Conduct Manual comprise PG’s Code of Ethics for SEC and New York Stock Exchange Regulatory Purposes, as further described in the Manual. Doing What’s Right PG’s reputation is earned by our conduct: what we say, what we do, the products we make, the services we provide and the way we act and treat others. As conscientious citizens and employees, we want to do what is right. For PG, and our global operations, this is the only way to do business. A. 2. 1. 5. 1. External reporting on social/ethical issues 100. 0% A+ The company provides comprehensive and transparent social/ethical reporting on a regular basis. Coverage: Group-wide coverage (= 100% of employees are covered by reporting). Comment: The company reports on social/ethical issues in its Sustainability Reports and on its corporate website as well as affiliated websites (www. scienceinthebox. com, www. pgbeautyscience. com). The company provides information on employees (diversity and health safety data, layoffs/outplacement programs, training, working conditions), product responsibility, as well as on its community involvement and philanthropic initiatives. In addition, PG reports on HSE non-compliance and fines. Some issues in the report are covered in-depth (e. g.  community initiatives, diversity, training and consumer information). Some issues, however, are only covered in a rather general way (e. g. working conditions). Apart from policies and standards, there is only little information on the companys supply chain management such as on supplier audits or counseling with regard to social issues. The companys 2007 sustainability report was prepared using the Global Reporting Initiatives reporting guidelines. No information is available whether the report has been audited by an external accountant. While both have been engaged in such efforts for years, theyre talking about them, and particularly advertising them, like never before. No less than Bill Gates recently mentioned Unilever as a top-of-mind example of a company involved in sustainability efforts in a CNBC interview from the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Unilever also won top honors in global ethical-reputation rankings from PR-monitoring firm Covalence in 2007 and Columbia Universitys Botwinick Prize in business ethics, in part for  such efforts as Doves Campaign for Real Beauty which aims to reach 5 million girls with self-esteem programs. In fact, the line between doing good and marketing has become blurry enough that Doves Evolution viral video had to be yanked from a not-for-profit classification at the last minute to qualify for last years Film Grand Prix at Cannes. The same day as Mr. Gates interview, PG indicated it would be communicating about its sustainability efforts defined to encompass a broad range of community-betterment programs a much bigger priority in 2008. PG goes beyond It will be hard to do more communicating than PG already has done. At least eight PG brands have active ad campaigns touting environmental or philanthropic efforts, everything from Always and Tampax supporting efforts to keep African girls in school by providing them with free sanitary-protection products to Pantene collecting locks of hair for cancer patients. Two of those efforts already are leading to new-product launches, in the cases of Pantene and Pur water filters, the latter having switched ad agencies in part to advance its cause-related marketing. Though both PG and Unilever see prospects for substantial gains from such efforts on their bottom lines and for the communities in which they operate, both acknowledge that much of the effort is for internal consumption. Simply put, its getting impossible to attract or retain marketers without a solid reputation for ethical marketing. We are seeing, particularly with the new generation of young business people and young marketers, that they are only attracted to companies that fit with their own value set, said Kevin Havelock, president of Unilever U. S. And the value set of the new generation is one that says this company must take a positive and global view on the global environment. The ethical positions we take on brands like Dove, the positions we take on not using models of size zero across any of our brands, the positions we take in terms of adding back to communities these all underpin an attractive proposition for marketers. Its a similar story at PG, which has had a fairly long tradition of marketers leaving for philanthropic or religious pursuits. Cause-marketing efforts have a big motivational impact, said PG Global Marketing Officer Jim Stengel. It fires the agencies up, too. It just feels like youre playing to a higher-order ideal. Telling everyone But neither PG nor Unilever is just preaching to the choir anymore, or even limiting the message to its long-standing public-relations silo. Theyre increasingly incorporating their cause marketing into mainstream brand advertising and product assortments. PGs Pur has one of the most elaborate cause-marketing efforts a $20 million program that aims to purify 2 billion liters of water in Africa and save 10,000 lives by 2012. New Age as the program may be, the ads are classic package goods. The Pur water-purification packets make for an amazing product demo. Take the most turbid swamp water imaginable, mix in a sachet of Pur Purifier of Water and strain it through a cloth. Within a minute or so, it produces a pitcher of perfectly clear, drinkable water. The trouble is, the people who need it most have no money. Hence it became one of the cornerstone projects in the companys global Live, Learn, Thrive philanthropic program, albeit with a commercial twist. PG has licensed the product to Canadas Reliance Products for a U. S. launch aimed at campers and disaster-preparedness kits that broke in late February behind a feature in PGs March and April Brand Saver newspaper coupon inserts. Saatchi gets in the game Though those ads for the PG-Reliance effort came from Quigley-Simpson, a Los Angeles direct-response agency, Purs shift to a sustainability message played a role in the shift of the brands creative account to Omnicom Groups TBWA/Chiat Day, Playa Del Rey, Calif. , from Publicis Groupes Saatchi Saatchi, Los Angeles, last year. Saatchi lost Pur, but the agency has definitely not given up on sustainability. In January, Saatchi acquired San Francisco-based consultancy Act Now Productions, headed by former Sierra Club executive turned Wal-Mart consultant Adam Werbach, to form a Saatchi Saatchi S (for sustainability). The growing interest in sustainability issues from PG, Unilever, Wal-Mart and others is creating ripples of change throughout marketing services. ARS Group, which for decades has tested TV copy for PG and others in package-goods, recently formed its own green consulting unit, ARSGreen. What ARS is finding underlines the big reason that sustainability has become so popular with analytical package-goods types: it works at least sometimes. Green ads in the ARS database do about as well as others on recall and persuasion, said Ashley Grace, president of ARSGreen and head of research and development for ARS Group. Doing about average is actually a testament to sustainabilitys selling power, as he sees it. Offering solutions In our database, about one out of 50 ads usually has a negative tone, Mr.Grace said. In the green data set, its more like 75%. ARS has found for decades that negative ads which raise a problem without offering a real solution usually fare poorly in tests. But negative green ads generally do about average. And green ads that go the extra step of offering tangible solutions can sometimes score exceptionally well. Ashley Grace, president of ARSGreen and head of research and development for ARS Group Ashley Grace, president of ARSGreen and head of research and development for ARS Group While many in the package-goods industry believe sustainability messages resonate with only about 10% to 15% of consumers, ARS research indicates such appeals can sway about two-thirds of people, including 24% in the hard-core health and sustainability segment who rate both personal and environmental health highly. To be sure, copy testing is widely loathed by advertising agencies, particularly creatives. But marketers such as PG use the results because they correlate with sales results. Its clear that ethical marketing really can make a difference in peoples lives. For example, since PGs Pantene launched its Beautiful Lengths program in 2006 to solicit locks of hair to be woven into wigs for women receiving cancer treatments, it has gotten enough donations to make 3,000 wigs. Compare that to the 2,000 wigs created over 10 years by the previously existing charity in the space, Locks of Love. It doesnt hurt PG, of course, that Oprah snipped the locks of Hilary Swank on air for one of those wigs, or that schoolgirls have organized events to collect hundreds of hair donations at once. Oh, and it dovetails nicely with the launch of Pantene Beautiful Lengths shampoo and conditioner later this year to care for those long locks. Mitigating factors Of course, such programs only work if other factors, such as product and pricing, are also right. For example, PG Chairman-CEO A. G. Lafley identified the U. S. Pantene business as the only real problem in the companys global hair-care portfolio in a January investor conference call, but the share losses date to the brands restage last year, not to the  launch of Beautiful Lengths a year earlier. Unilevers Campaign for Real Beauty, while very much alive, last year stopped delivering double-digit sales gains Unilever had seen the first two years of the effort. Doves 2007s new-product lineup didnt go over as well as prior years (and a price hike on bar soap, not initially reciprocated by PG and others, didnt help, either). By whatever name ethical, sustainable or cause marketing is an important secondary factor for consumers, said Unilevers Mr. Havelock. A great product at the right price is the entry point, he said. Once there, a company or a brand that has a social responsibility position or a sustainability position will then have an edge over other brands. Of course, in an age of social media, marketings good deeds seldom go entirely unpunished, and never unquestioned. Even PGs ads about efforts to provide free sanitary protection in Africa to help keep girls from missing school, which broke in December from Publicis Groupes Leo Burnett Co., have prompted lengthy discussions on some blogs criticizing the motives in using giveaways to develop new markets and generating more waste as a result. When you do it in the right way, with the right tone and authenticity, consumers reward us [for these programs], Mr. Stengel said, citing Pampers 20-country, multiyear effort to fight tetanus via Unicef as the PG program that appears to have had the biggest positive impact on sales and brand equity to date. Such programs work best when owned by the brand, which is why PG, like Unilever, has generally avoided multi-company efforts such as the Red campaign to fight AIDS or the Susan G. Komen pink-ribbon campaign against breast cancer, instead focusing on efforts linked specifically to their own brands equity and function. It has to be right for the brands voice, said Mr. Stengel. And it has to really work for the business.

The Ants Review Essay Example

The Ants Review Paper Essay on The Ants They ants They live among us Or is it we live among them whose civilization would be viable!.? (C) We will write a custom essay sample on The Ants Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ants Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ants Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A tempting description, according to which Werber work must be incredibly interesting to readers. This book I bought back in the period of the wild rush of creativity Bernard Werber. Frankly, I was, as they say, hooked abstract. The mind has painted an incredible picture of what will happen in the book itself. And no one was left, only one question How closely the author will hold a parallel between the human world and the world of the ants?. And why, in fact, that the ants? Answers to the questions I have received only now. And just because, literally, recently I read this work. And now, some of my impressions: The idea. Bernard Werber is one distinguishing feature as the basis of his work, he takes a rather simple and understandable to every idea. There are no unnecessary complexities and ornate. Heres an ant hill, thats the main character the ant, of course, somewhere behind the scenes there are also people, and in the course of the story, these disparate components will become one. If we consider them in detail, I would say that muraveynaya line spelled out with great care and even a kind of delicacy. But the people present in this novel, like to say is simply not possible. Not only that, they came hastily tailored, so also their behavior suggests that these same heroes suffer the acute form of insanity. One gets the feeling that the author somehow dislikes people, preferring ants. The plot. Retell it will not. I can only say that the author tried to combine incongruous. Here the novel, and sometimes slip notes of fiction, and practical handbook about insects, even a swing on the detective. Roughly speaking, Werber some reason crossed hedgehog with a snake, and what to do with the resulting barbed wire and has not decided. And what he prevented these genres by themselves, are not known. The will of the author. Literary. There is also a mistake. Perhaps this mistake interpreter, but the fact remains. Dangling in the middle of thinking offers striking. And somehow I did not have enough of psychology. Book at some point, just slipped into benefits for the life of ants. Combining all thoughts together, I can say that the book did not like, but remember. Therefore, estimated at 3 points out of 5. All interested, enjoy your reading!